Mathematical Functions

Mathematical functions in MySQL allow you to perform various mathematical calculations and operations on numeric values. Here is a list of common mathematical functions, along with real-time examples and detailed explanations for each:

ABS():
- ABS() returns the absolute (non-negative) value of a number.
Example:
```
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SELECT ABS(-10) AS absolute_value;
```
Output: The absolute value of -10 is 10.
ROUND():
- ROUND() is used to round a numeric value to a specified number of decimal places.
Example:
```
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SELECT ROUND(3.14159265, 2) AS rounded_value;
```
Output: Rounding 3.14159265 to 2 decimal places gives 3.14.
CEIL() and FLOOR():
- CEIL() (or CEILING()) rounds a number up to the nearest integer, while FLOOR() rounds it down to the nearest integer.
Example:
```
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SELECT CEIL(4.3) AS ceiling_value, FLOOR(4.9) AS floor_value;
```
Output: Ceiling of 4.3 is 5, and floor of 4.9 is 4.
SQRT():
- SQRT() calculates the square root of a number.
Example:
```
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SELECT SQRT(25) AS square_root;
```
Output: The square root of 25 is 5.
POWER():
- POWER() raises a number to a specified power.
Example:
```
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SELECT POWER(2, 3) AS result;
```
Output: 2 raised to the power of 3 is 8.
EXP():
- EXP() calculates the exponential value of a number (e^x).
Example:
```
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SELECT EXP(2) AS exponent_result;
```
Output: The exponential value of 2 is approximately 7.389.
LOG():
- LOG() calculates the natural logarithm of a number.
Example:
```
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SELECT LOG(10) AS natural_log;
```
Output: The natural logarithm of 10 is approximately 2.303.
PI():
- PI() returns the mathematical constant π (pi).
Example:
```
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SELECT PI() AS pi_value;
```
Output: The value of π is approximately 3.142.
RAND():
- RAND() generates a random floating-point number between 0 and 1.
Example:
```
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SELECT RAND() AS random_number;
```
Output: A random number between 0 and 1.

These mathematical functions in MySQL are essential for performing a wide range of calculations and transformations on numeric data within SQL queries. They are useful in various mathematical and scientific applications.